The dataset contains the blended (gauge and satellite estimates) monthly mean precipitation rates (unit: mm/day) for Canada for the period from January 1979 to December 2007, at a half degree spatial resolution. Please refer to the paper below for the details of the blending algorithm and input gauge and satellite data. Reference: Lin, A. and X. L. Wang, 2011: An algorithm for Blending Multiple Satellite Precipitation Estimates with in-situ Precipitation Measurements in Canada. JGR-Atmospheres, 116, D21111, doi:10.1029/2011JD016359.

The Whitehorse enhanced meteorological site is located at Erik Nielsen Whitehorse International Airport (CYXY, 60°43N, 135°04W). This scientific observation site aims to provide a better understanding of the region’s weather conditions to help improve local weather forecasts across the Canadian Arctic and sub-Arctic. For instance, new radar technology is being tested at this site to assess its suitability for detecting and analyzing this region’s weather systems. A companion site in Iqaluit NU (CYFB, 63°45N, 68°33W), in the eastern Canadian Arctic, has also been established. It is important to note that Iqaluit is located above the tree line, while Whitehorse is below, resulting in a significantly more humid atmosphere at Whitehorse suggesting different weather monitoring requirements. The Whitehorse site includes an X-band radar, a Doppler lidar, ceilometers, radiation flux and precipitation sensors, and others. Data collection for a subset of instruments at Whitehorse began in January 2018.

In 2015 as part of the Canadian Artic Weather Science (CAWS) project, Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) established an enhanced monitoring reference site at Iqaluit, Nunavut (CYFB, 63°45N, 68°33W) in the eastern Canadian Arctic. The site was strategically selected at the loci of synoptic storm tracks and primary transportation corridors. CYFB is also a major aviation hub for the North. It is an operational upper air site with an existing office building and instrument test facility infrastructure with a co-located Double Fence International Reference for solid precipitation measurements. The site was to provide automated and continuous observations of altitude-resolved winds, clouds and aerosols, visibility, radiation fluxes, turbulence, and precipitation. The benefit of integrated measurement systems at the Iqaluit supersite are being investigated to: 1) Recommend the optimal cost-effective observing system for the Canadian Arctic that can complement existing radiosonde observations 2) Provide enhanced meteorological observations during the World Meteorological Organization’s Year of Polar Prediction (WMO YOPP). Instrumentation at Iqaluit includes a Ka-band radar, water vapour lidars (both in-house and commercial versions), multiple Doppler lidars, ceilometers, radiation flux and precipitation sensors, and others. Data collection for a subset of the instruments at Iqaluit began in March 2016.

This dataset contains blended (gauge and satellite estimates) pentad mean precipitation rates (unit: mm/day) at a one degree spatial resolution over Canada. The data can be used for hydrometeorological, agricultural, forestry modelling, for numerical weather model and climate model verification, and for climate impact studies.

The data consists of temperature indices based on homogenized daily maximum and minimum temperatures at 338 locations across Canada, and of precipitation indices based on adjusted daily rainfall, daily snowfall and daily precipitation amounts at 463 locations across the country. These indices were selected for their relevance to social and economic impact assessment in Canada and for the insights they could provide regarding changes in extreme climate conditions. Please refer to the papers below for detailed information regarding the adjustment procedures and the trends in the indices.

In August 2013, NETCARE scientists conducted a campaign on the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The goal of this campaign was to characterize the nature of ice nuclei in a marine environment. Measurements were conducted on the ambient levels of both deposition and immersion ice nucleating particles. Data was also collected to measure the physical and chemical properties of the ambient particles. Site Information: Amphitrite Point (48.92N, 125.54W) is located approximately 2 km from the small town of Ucluelet on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The research site was located approximately 100 m from the Pacific Ocean. Institutions Involved: ● Environment and Climate Change Canada ● University of Toronto ● University of British Columbia ● University of Denver ● Fisheries and Oceans Canada Data sets: ● Atmospheric aerosol particle size and number density ● Atmospheric aerosol particle hygroscopicity ● Numbers of ice cloud forming particles ● Aerosol particle ion concentration as a function of particle size

In 2016 NETCARE scientists conducted two measurement campaigns at the Dr. Neil Trivett Global Atmosphere Watch Observatory (the “Alert Observatory”) on the northeastern tip of Ellesmere Island in the Canadian Arctic (latitude: 82.5163, longitude: -62.3085). The first campaign happened in March and was focused on ice nucleating particles and aerosol particle composition. Further measurements were made in the summer (June- Sept) on aerosol particle size and number density, gas phase species, aerosol optical properties, aerosol particle composition, and soluble gases and ions in particulate matter. Institutions Involved ● University of Toronto ● University of British Columbia ● Environment and Climate Change Canada Data sets ● Atmospheric gas phase species ● Atmospheric aerosol particle size and number density ● Atmospheric aerosol particle composition ● Atmospheric aerosol particle optical properties ● Number of ice cloud forming particles ● Soluble gases and ions in particulate matter

The Precipitation Occurrence Sensor System (POSS) is a small X-band 10.525 GHz continuous-wave bi-static vertically pointing Doppler radar. The system reports precipitation occurrence, type and intensity of precipitation at 1-min temporal resolution. Raw measurements are 960 samples per minute. Doppler velocity and return power of hydrometeors intersect the sensing volume near and up to about 3 m above the sensor head. Post-processing of the spectral data produces a results file containing derived precipitation rate and radar reflectivity, for both liquid and solid precipitation assumptions, at 1-minute temporal resolution. The minutely POSS precipitation rates are estimated using two different methods. The “mass flux (MF) method” is for liquid precipitation. The “regression method” or “Z-R method” is used by large-scale precipitation radars where there is a relationship (regression) between radar reflectivity (Z) and precipitation rate (R). POSS units have been deployed at a number of sites worldwide. Datasets are listed as follows, 1) YEU, 2007-07-28 to 2020-03-01 - Eureka, Nunavut, Canada. 2) GNL, 2010-09-15 to 2020-05-01 - Summit Station, Greenland Ice Sheet. 3) CAR, 2011-01-01 to 2019-08-23 - Egbert, Ontario, Canada. 4) YYZ, 2013-06-11 to 2019-05-23 - Toronto Pearson Int. Airport, Ontario, Canada. 5) JAR, 2010-09-17 to 2011-04-20 - Jarvenpaa (40 km N of Helsinki), Finland. 6) EMA, 2010-09-18 to 2010-10-22 - Emasalo (50 km E of Helsinki), Finland.

This repository holds underlying data for publications arising from NETCARE activities. Unlike the raw measurements available elsewhere in this archive, these data are specific to a particular publication and may have undergone additional analysis and processing. Data are organized by publication and are accompanied by a complete citation for the relevant manuscript.

Scientists publish the results of their work in scientific journals. New data that has contributed to climate research publications can be found in the related data records below.