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        <gco:CharacterString>The dataset contains large ensembles of bias adjusted daily climate model outputs of minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, surface pressure, wind speed, incoming shortwave radiation, and incoming longwave radiation on a 0.5-degree grid over North America. Intended uses include hydrological/land surface impact modelling and related event attribution studies.

               The CanLEADv1 dataset is based on archived climate model simulations in the Canadian Regional Climate Model Large Ensemble (CanRCM4 LE) https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/83aa1b18-6616-405e-9bce-af7ef8c2031c and Canadian Earth System Model Large Ensembles (CanESM2 LE)  https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/aa7b6823-fd1e-49ff-a6fb-68076a4a477c datasets.

               Specifically, CanLEADv1 provides bias adjusted daily climate variables over North America derived from 50 member initial condition ensembles of CanESM2 (ALL and NAT radiative forcings) and CanESM2-driven CanRCM4 (ALL radiative forcings) simulations (Scinocca et al., 2016; Fyfe et al., 2017). Raw CanESM2 LE and CanRCM4 LE outputs are bias adjusted (Cannon, 2018; Cannon et al., 2015) so that they are statistically consistent with two observationally-constrained historical meteorological forcing datasets (S14FD, Iizumi et al., 2017; EWEMBI, Lange, 2018).

               File names, formats, and metadata headers follow the recommended Data Reference Syntax for bias-adjusted Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) simulations (Nikulin and Legutke, 2016). 

               Multiple initial condition simulations can be used to investigate the externally forced response, internal variability, and the relative role of external forcing and internal variability on the climate system (e.g., Fyfe et al., 2017). Large ensembles of ALL and NAT simulations can be compared in event attribution studies (e.g., Kirchmeier-Young et al., 2017). Availability of bias adjusted outputs from the CanESM2-CanRCM4 modelling system can be used to investigate the added value of dynamical downscaling (Scinocca et al., 2016). Multiple observational datasets are used for bias adjustment to partly account for observational uncertainty (Iizumi et al., 2017).

               For CanESM2 LE, there are two sets of radiative forcing scenarios (ALL, which consists of historical and RCP8.5 forcings for the periods 1950-2005 and 2006-2100, respectively, and NAT, which consists of historicalNat forcings for the period 1950-2020), two observationally-constrained target datasets for bias adjustment (S14FD and EWEMBI), and 50 ensemble members, which gives a total of 2 × 2 × 50 = 200 sets of outputs. For CanRCM4 LE, historicalNat simulations were not run; hence, there are 2 × 50 = 100 sets of outputs. In both cases, CanLEADv1 provides variables on the CORDEX NAM-44i 0.5-degree grid. CanESM2 outputs (~2.8-degree grid) and CanRCM4 outputs (0.44-degree grid), are bilinearly interpolated onto the NAM-44i grid before bias adjustment.

               A multivariate version of quantile mapping (Cannon, 2018) is used to adjust the distribution of each simulated variable, as well as the statistical dependence between variables, so that these properties match those of the target observational dataset. Bias adjustment is performed on a grid cell by grid cell basis. Outside of the historical calibration period, the climate change signal simulated by the climate model is preserved (Cannon et al., 2015).

               References:

               Cannon, A. J. (2018). Multivariate quantile mapping bias correction: an N-dimensional probability density function transform for climate model simulations of multiple variables. Climate Dynamics, 50(1-2), 31-49.

               Cannon, A. J., Sobie, S. R., &amp; Murdock, T. Q. (2015). Bias correction of GCM precipitation by quantile mapping: How well do methods preserve changes in quantiles and extremes? Journal of Climate, 28(17), 6938-6959.

Fyfe, J. C., Derksen, C., Mudryk, L., Flato, G. M., Santer, B. D., Swart, N. C., Molotch, N. P., Zhang, X., Wan, H., Arora, V. K., Scinocca, J., &amp; Jiao, Y. (2017). Large near-term projected snowpack loss over the western United States. Nature Communications, 8, 14996.

Iizumi, T., Takikawa, H., Hirabayashi, Y., Hanasaki, N., &amp; Nishimori, M. (2017). Contributions of different bias-correction methods and reference meteorological forcing data sets to uncertainty in projected temperature and precipitation extremes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 122(15), 7800-7819.

Kirchmeier-Young, M. C., Zwiers, F. W., Gillett, N. P., &amp; Cannon, A. J. (2017). Attributing extreme fire risk in Western Canada to human emissions. Climatic Change, 144(2), 365-379.

Lange, S. (2018). Bias correction of surface downwelling longwave and shortwave radiation for the EWEMBI dataset. Earth System Dynamics, 9(2), 627-645.

Nikulin, G., &amp; Legutke, S. (2016). Data Reference Syntax (DRS) for bias-adjusted CORDEX simulations. https://is-enes-data.github.io/CORDEX_adjust_drs.pdf

Scinocca, J. F., Kharin, V. V., Jiao, Y., Qian, M. W., Lazare, M., Solheim, L., Flato, G. M., Biner, S., Desgagne, &amp; Dugas, B. (2016). Coordinated global and regional climate modeling. Journal of Climate, 29(1), 17-35.</gco:CharacterString>
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            <gmd:LocalisedCharacterString locale="#fra">Ce jeu de données contient de grands ensembles d’extrants quotidiens d’un modèle climatique sous forme de température minimale, de température maximale, de précipitations, d’humidité relative, de pression de surface, de vitesse du vent, de rayonnement incident de courte longueur d’onde et de rayonnement incident de longue longueur d’onde dont le biais est corrigé et dans une grille de 0,5 degré couvrant l’Amérique du Nord. Les utilisations prévues comprennent la modélisation hydrologique/des impacts sur la surface terrestre et les études d’attribution d’événements connexes.

                     Le jeu de données CanLEADv1 est basé sur des simulations archivées de modèles climatiques dans le grand ensemble du Modèle régional canadien du climat (CanRCM4 LE) (https://ouvert.canada.ca/data/fr/dataset/83aa1b18-6616-405e-9bce-af7ef8c2031c) et les grands ensembles de données du modèle du système terrestre canadien (CanESM2 LE) (https://ouvert.canada.ca/data/fr/dataset/aa7b6823-fd1e-49ff-a6fb-68076a4a477c).

                     Plus précisément, CanLEADv1 fournit des variables climatiques quotidiennes à biais corrigé pour l’Amérique du Nord à partir de 50 ensembles de conditions initiales membres de CanESM2 (forçages radiatifs ALL et NAT) et de simulations CanRCM4 (forçages radiatifs ALL) dirigées par CanESM2 (Scinocca et coll., 2016; Fyfe et coll., 2017). Les sorties brutes des grands ensembles CanESM2 et CanRCM4 sont ajustées en fonction du biais (Cannon, 2018; Cannon et coll., 2015) de sorte qu’elles soient statistiquement cohérentes avec deux jeux de données météorologiques historiques contraintes par observations limitées (S14FD, Iizumi et coll., 2017; EWEMBI, Lange, 2018).

                     Les noms de fichiers, les formats et les en-têtes de métadonnées suivent la syntaxe de référence de données recommandée pour les simulations CORDEX (Expérience régionale coordonnée de réduction d’échelle) à correction de biais (Nikulin et Legutke, 2016). 

                     De multiples simulations de conditions initiales peuvent être utilisées pour étudier la réponse forcée externe, la variabilité interne et le rôle relatif du forçage externe et de la variabilité interne sur le système climatique (p. ex., Fyfe et coll., 2017). De grands ensembles de simulations ALL et NAT peuvent être comparés dans des études d’attribution d’événements (p. ex., Kirchmeier-Young et coll., 2017). La disponibilité des résultats à correction de biais du système des modèles CanESM2-CanRCM4 peut être utilisée pour étudier la valeur ajoutée de la réduction d’échelle dynamique (Scinocca et coll., 2016). De multiples jeux de données d’observation sont utilisés pour la correction du biais afin de tenir compte en partie de l’incertitude observationnelle (Iizumi et coll., 2017).

                     Pour le grand ensemble CanESM2, il existe deux jeux de scénarios de forçage radiatif (ALL, qui comprend des forçages historiques, et RCP8.5 respectivement pour les périodes 1950-2005 et 2006-2100, et NAT, qui comprend des forçages historiques Nat pour la période 1950-2020), deux jeux de données cibles contraintes sur le plan observationnel pour la correction des biais (S14FD et EWEMBI) et 50 membres d’ensemble, qui donnent au total 2 x 2 × 50 = 200 jeux de résultats. Pour CanRCM4 LE, les simulations historiques Nat n’ont pas été exécutées et il y a donc 2 × 50 = 100 jeux de sorties. Dans les deux cas, CanLEADv1 fournit des variables sur la grille à 0,5 degré CORDEX NAM-44i. Les extrants de CanESM2 (grille de ~2,8 degrés) et CanRCM4 (grille de 0,44 degré) sont interpolés bilinéairement sur la grille NAM-44i avant correction du biais.

                     Une version multivariée de la cartographie quantile (Cannon, 2018) est utilisée pour ajuster la distribution de chaque variable simulée, ainsi que la dépendance statistique entre les variables, afin que ces propriétés correspondent à celles du jeu de données d’observation cible. La correction du biais s’effectue cellule par cellule de la grille. En dehors de la période d’étalonnage historique, le signal de changement climatique simulé par le modèle climatique est préservé (Cannon et coll., 2015).

                     Références:

                     Cannon, A. J. (2018). Multivariate quantile mapping bias correction: an N-dimensional probability density function transform for climate model simulations of multiple variables. Climate Dynamics, 50(1 2), 31-49.

                     Cannon, A. J., Sobie, S. R., et Murdock, T. Q. (2015). Bias correction of GCM precipitation by quantile mapping: How well do methods preserve changes in quantiles and extremes? Journal of Climate, 28(17), 6938-6959.

                     Fyfe, J. C., Derksen, C., Mudryk, L., Flato, G. M., Santer, B. D., Swart, N. C., Molotch, N. P., Zhang, X., Wan, H., Arora, V. K., Scinocca, J., et Jiao, Y. (2017). Large near-term projected snowpack loss over the western United States. Nature Communications, 8, 14996.

                     Iizumi, T., Takikawa, H., Hirabayashi, Y., Hanasaki, N., et Nishimori, M. (2017). Contributions of different bias-correction methods and reference meteorological forcing data sets to uncertainty in projected temperature and precipitation extremes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 122(15), 7800-7819.

                     Kirchmeier-Young, M. C., Zwiers, F. W., Gillett, N. P., et Cannon, A. J. (2017). Attributing extreme fire risk in Western Canada to human emissions. Climatic Change, 144(2), 365-379.

                     Lange, S. (2018). Bias correction of surface downwelling longwave and shortwave radiation for the EWEMBI dataset. Earth System Dynamics, 9(2), 627-645.

                     Nikulin, G., et Legutke, S. (2016). Data Reference Syntax (DRS) for bias-adjusted CORDEX simulations. https://is-enes-data.github.io/CORDEX_adjust_drs.pdf

                     Scinocca, J. F., Kharin, V. V., Jiao, Y., Qian, M. W., Lazare, M., Solheim, L., Flato, G. M., Biner, S., Desgagne, et Dugas, B. (2016). Coordinated global and regional climate modeling. Journal of Climate, 29(1), 17-35.</gmd:LocalisedCharacterString>
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